PKM Antibodies

Target Information

Catalyzes the final rate-limiting step of glycolysis by mediating the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. The ratio between the highly active tetrameric form and nearly inactive dimeric form determines whether glucose carbons are channeled to biosynthetic processes or used for glycolytic ATP production. The transition between the 2 forms contributes to the control of glycolysis and is important for tumor cell proliferation and survival. Isoform M2: Isoform specifically expressed during embryogenesis that has low pyruvate kinase activity by itself and requires allosteric activation by D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) for pyruvate kinase activity. In addition to its pyruvate kinase activity in the cytoplasm, also acts as a regulator of transcription in the nucleus by acting as a protein kinase. Translocates into the nucleus in response to various signals, such as EGF receptor activation, and homodimerizes, leading to its conversion into a protein threonine- and tyrosine-protein kinase. Catalyzes phosphorylation of STAT3 at 'Tyr-705' and histone H3 at 'Thr-11' (H3T11ph), leading to activate transcription. Its ability to activate transcription plays a role in cancer cells by promoting cell proliferation and promote tumorigenesis. Promotes the expression of the immune checkpoint protein CD274 in BMAL1-deficient macrophages. May also act as a translation regulator for a subset of mRNAs, independently of its pyruvate kinase activity: associates with subpools of endoplasmic reticulum-associated ribosomes, binds directly to the mRNAs translated at the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes translation of these endoplasmic reticulum-destined mRNAs. Plays a role in caspase independent cell death of tumor cells. Isoform M1: Pyruvate kinase isoform expressed in adult tissues, which replaces isoform M2 after birth. In contrast to isoform M2, has high pyruvate kinase activity by itself and does not require allosteric activation by D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) for activity. Monomer and homotetramer; exists as a monomer in the absence of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), and reversibly associates to form a homotetramer in the presence of FBP. The monomeric form binds 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Tetramer formation induces pyruvate kinase activity. The tetrameric form has high affinity for the substrate and is associated within the glycolytic enzyme complex. FBP stimulates the formation of tetramers from dimers. Homodimer; exists in a dimeric form in tumor cells and the dimeric form has less affinity for the phosphoenolpyruvate substrate. The homodimer converts into a protein kinase. Interacts with HERC1, POU5F1 and PML. Interacts with EGLN3; the interaction hydroxylates PKM under hypoxia and enhances binding to HIF1A. Interacts with HIF1A; the interaction is enhanced by binding of EGLN3, promoting enhanced transcription activity under hypoxia. Interacts with TRIM35; this interaction prevents FGFR1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. Interacts with JMJD8. Interacts with TRAF4. Interacts with (phosphorylated) CTNNB1; leading to activate transcription. Interacts with TSC22D2; the interaction results in reduced nuclear levels of PKM isoform M2, leading to repression of cyclin CCND1 transcription and reduced cell growth. (Microbial infection) Binding to certain oncoproteins such as HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein promotes homodimerization. Belongs to the pyruvate kinase family. Specifically expressed in proliferating cells, such as embryonic stem cells, embryonic carcinoma cells, as well as cancer cells. 3 alternatively spliced human isoforms have been reported. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB.

Alternate Names

CTHBP; Cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein; epididymis secretory protein Li 30; HEL-S-30; KPYM; MGC3932; OIP-3; OIP3; Opa-interacting protein 3; p58; PK, muscle type; PK2; PK3; PKM; PKM iso2; PKM2; Pyruvate kinase 2/3; Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2; pyruvate kinase M1/2; Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme; Pyruvate kinase PKM; pyruvate kinase, muscle; TCB; THBP1; Thyroid hormone-binding protein 1; thyroid hormone-binding protein, cytosolic; Tumor M2-PK