Background
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, is a major glycolipid constituent of the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. LPS molecules typically consist of a strain-specific distal polysaccharide side chain known as the O-antigen, a hydrophilic core oligosaccharide, and a hydrophobic domain referred to as lipid A. Lipid A is covalently bound to the outer bacterial membrane and is responsible for the toxicity of LPS (1-3). LPS is a potent activator of the proinflammatory response in many mammalian cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Investigators have demonstrated that LPS binds to the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex, which in turn induces inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, Interleukin-1, and IFN-α, as well as numerous inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, NF-κB, RIG-1, and IRF-3 (4-6).
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- Maeshima, N. and Fernandez, R.C. (2013) Front Cell Infect Microbiol 3, 3.
- Pålsson-McDermott, E.M. and O'Neill, L.A. (2004) Immunology 113, 153-62.
- Wang, J. et al. (2008) J Immunol 180, 8011-9.
- Zhang, F.X. et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 7611-4.
Description
LPS is supplied as a lyophilized powder and is from E. coli serotype O111:B4. It is purified via phenol extraction.
CAS
Solubility
Soluble in PBS and H2O at 5mg/ml and cell culture medium at 1mg/ml.
Storage
Directions for Use
For a 1 mg/ml stock, reconstitute the 10 mg in 10 ml sterile PBS. Working concentrations and length of treatment can vary depending on the desired effect, but it is typically used at 10-1000 ng/ml for 15 min-24 hours. Soluble in PBS and cell culture medium at 5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml, respectively.
Background References
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
Trademarks and Patents
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