Host Cell Viral Restriction Factor Antibody Sampler Kit

Background

Viral restriction factors are proteins produced by host cells that function, in part, to negatively impact various stages of viral life cycles in order to prevent propagation. MX1 (Myxovirus resistance protein 1/MxA) is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein that confers resistance to RNA viruses by blocking transcription of the viral genome (1,2).

2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) is an antiviral protein induced by type 1 interferon that plays a key role in the cellular innate immune response (3). The OAS1 enzyme produces a second messenger, 2’-5’-linked oligoadenylate, which binds to RNase L, which then degrades viral and cellular RNA (4). Research studies indicate that the OAS1 system inhibits protein synthesis and induces apoptosis in virally infected cells, which limits viral infection (5).

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) family members, IFITM1 and IFITM3, appear to function as viral restriction factors by preventing fusion of viral and host membranes (6,7).

BST2 (CD317, Tetherin, HM1.24) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein functioning as a major mediator of the innate immune defense against the dissemination of enveloped viruses by tethering viron on the cell surface, preventing viral release (8).

TRIM5α blocks viral infection by interacting with the incoming viral capsid and promoting its premature disassembly (9).

PKR-induced phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) α subunit at Ser51 is a well-documented mechanism to downregulate protein synthesis upon viral infection (10).

SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) prevents autoimmunity and HIV infection by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), thereby limiting inappropriate immune activation by self nucleic acid and inhibiting reverse transcription of the HIV genome (11). Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at Thr592 by cyclin A2/CDK1 was identified as a regulatory mechanism that controls SAMHD1 activity. SAMHD1 is phosphorylated in proliferating cells, which inhibits its ability to block HIV infection (12).