β-Amyloid Mouse Model Neuronal Viability IF Antibody Sampler Kit

Background

Amyloid β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) is a 100-140 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that exists as several isoforms. The amino acid sequence of APP contains the amyloid domain, which can be released by a two-step proteolytic cleavage. The extracellular deposition and accumulation of the released Aβ fragments form the main components of amyloid plaques, a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (1). Neuronal nuclei (NeuN, Fox-3, RBFOX3) is a nuclear protein expressed in most post-mitotic neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. NeuN is not detected in Purkinje cells, sympathetic ganglion cells, Cajal-Retzius cells, INL retinal cells, inferior olivary, or dentate nucleus neurons (2). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main intermediate filament in mature brain astroglial and radial glial cells and GFAP also plays an important role in modulating astroglial motility and shape (3). HS1 is a protein kinase substrate that is expressed only in tissues and cells of hematopoietic origin (4). Previous work identifying markers of specific brain cell types using RNA-seq has shown HS1 to be a useful and specific tool to study microglia (5). Synaptophysin (SYP) is a neuronal synaptic vesicle glycoprotein that occurs in presynaptic vesicles of neurons (6). Postsynaptic Density protein 95 (PSD95) is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of proteins. PSD95 is a scaffolding protein involved in the assembly and function of the postsynaptic density complex (7,8). Caspase-3 (CPP-32, Apoptain, Yama, SCA-1) is a critical executioner of apoptosis, as it is either partially or totally responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins, including nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (9). PARP, a 116 kDa nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, appears to be involved in DNA repair in response to environmental stress (10). PARP helps cells to maintain their viability; cleavage of PARP facilitates cellular disassembly and serves as a marker of cells undergoing apoptosis (11).