Product Information
Product Usage Information
1. Aliquot PTMScan® Control Peptides Succinyl-Lysine for storage as single-use units at -20°C or proceed to immediate usage.
2. Resuspend sample peptides in the appropriate buffer and volume, e.g., 1.4 mL of PTMScan® IAP Buffer (1X).
3. Clear sample peptides by centrifugation.
4. Transfer clarified sample peptides to tubes containing IAP beads.
5. Add 10 µL of PTMScan® Control Peptides Succinyl-Lysine to IAP beads and sample peptides and mix well.
6. Continue with PTMScan® or PTMScan® HS workflows at the 2-hour incubation step.
7. Detect PTMScan® Control Peptides Succinyl-Lysine in the LCMS data file.
Storage
Product Description
Background
Lysine is subject to a wide array of regulatory post-translational modifications due to its positively charged ε-amino group side chain. The most prevalent of these are ubiquitination and acetylation, which are highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes (1,2). Acyl group transfer from the metabolic intermediates acetyl-, succinyl-, malonyl-, glutaryl-, butyryl-, propionyl-, and crotonyl-CoA all neutralize lysine’s positive charge and confer structural alterations affecting substrate protein function. Lysine acetylation is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases, HATs, using acetyl-CoA as a cofactor (3,4). Deacylation is mediated by histone deacetylases, HDACs 1-11, and NAD-dependent Sirtuins 1-7. Some sirtuins have little to no deacetylase activity, suggesting that they are better suited for other acyl lysine substrates (5).
Sirt5 is a predominantly mitochondrial desuccinylase and demalonylase (5,6). In the absence of a known succinyltransferase, succinylation is likely driven by the concentration of succinyl-CoA and intracellular pH and is subject to metabolic fluctuations (7,8). Protein succinylation is especially prevalent among mitochondrial metabolic proteins and bacteria, further solidifying the evolutionary link between mitochondria and prokaryotes. It often occurs at lysine residues that are alternatively acetylated or ubiquitinated. More than a thousand lysine succinylation sites were identified on hundreds of proteins, including glutamate dehydrogenase (15 sites), malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1, and histone proteins (9).
- Liu, Z. et al. (2014) Nucleic Acids Res 42, D531-6.
- Lee, S. (2013) Toxicol Res 29, 81-6.
- Lin, H. et al. (2012) ACS Chem Biol 7, 947-60.
- Zhang, Z. et al. (2011) Nat Chem Biol 7, 58-63.
- Du, J. et al. (2011) Science 334, 806-9.
- Peng, C. et al. (2011) Mol Cell Proteomics 10, M111.012658.
- Rardin, M.J. et al. (2013) Cell Metab 18, 920-33.
- Park, J. et al. (2013) Mol Cell 50, 919-30.
- Weinert, B.T. et al. (2013) Cell Rep 4, 842-51.
Species Reactivity
Species reactivity is determined by testing in at least one approved application (e.g., western blot).
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
Trademarks and Patents
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