Background
Nitazoxanide, also known as NTZ, is a broad-spectrum thiazolide antiparasitic agent that is a noncompetitive inhibitor of pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductases (PFORs) (1-3). This small molecule is an effective antiviral agent by activating protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA (PKR), resulting in the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). This method of influencing the host’s antiviral pathways increases the barrier to develop antiviral resistance (4). Nitazoxanide has shown anticancer activity in vivo by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial respiration. Treatment with Nitazoxanide leads to AMPK activation, inhibition of mTOR, and downregulation of c-Myc and Wnt signaling (5). Nitazoxanide has been found to be a particularly potent c-Myc inhibitor with IC50 values ranging between 10 nM to 500 nM in different cancer cell lines (1). Studies have shown that Nitazoxanide may be an effective treatment against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and other coronaviruses (6).
- Fan-Minogue, H. et al. (2013) Mol Cancer Ther 12, 1896-905.
- White, C.A. (2004) Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2, 43-9.
- Hoffman, P.S. et al. (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, 868-76.
- Keeffe, E.B. and Rossignol, J.F. (2009) World J Gastroenterol 15, 1805-8.
- Senkowski, W. et al. (2015) Mol Cancer Ther 14, 1504-16.
- Rossignol, J.F. (2016) J Infect Public Health 9, 227-30.
Molecular Formula
C12H9N3O5S
Molecular Weight
307.3 g/mol
Purity
98%
CAS
55981-09-4
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO at 50 mg/ml.
Storage
Directions for Use
Nitazoxanide is supplied as a lyophilized powder. For a 15 mM stock, reconstitute 5 mg of powder in 1.08 ml of DMSO. Working concentrations and length of treatment can vary depending on the desired effect.
Background References
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
Trademarks and Patents
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