Background
Chloroquine (CQ) is a lysosomotropic agent with an extensive range of biological effects (1). Historically known for its anti-malarial activity, chloroquine is a widely used biological research tool for studying autophagy inhibition. Research studies demonstrate that chloroquine accumulates in acidic lysosomes and increases the lysosomal pH. This inhibits lysosomal hydrolases and prevents autophagosomal fusion and degradation, which can result in apoptotic or necrotic cell death (1-4). Inhibition of chloroquine-induced apoptosis with the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 has been observed in several cell types (4). Chloroquine also enhances the anti-neoplastic effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) (5).
Chloroquine treatment of cells leads to accumulation of light chain 3-II (LC3-II) (1-3). This autophagy marker resides within autophagosomal membranes during the autophagic process and is degraded upon fusion with lysosomes. Chloroquine inhibition of these fusion events effectively blocks LC3-II degradation.
This product has applications to SARS-CoV-2 research into the mechanisms of the Novel Coronavirus, which has caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Molecular Formula
C18H26ClN3•2H3PO4
Molecular Weight
515.9 g/mol
Purity
>98%
CAS
50-63-5
Solubility
Soluble in H2O at 25mg/ml.
Storage
Directions for Use
Chloroquine is supplied as a lyophilized powder. For a 50 mM stock, reconstitute the 150 mg in 5.82 ml sterile dH2O. First add 1 ml dH2O to the tube containing the chemical, vortex, and dispense into a new, larger tube. Repeat this action two or three more times to transfer any residual material. Add additional dH2O to the new tube to bring the volume up to 5.82 ml. Filter sterilize into sterile tube. Utilize a syringe and 0.2 μm syringe filter to minimize sample loss.
Working concentrations and length of treatment can vary depending on the desired effect, but it is typically used at 25-100 μM for 12-48 hr.
Background References
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
Trademarks and Patents
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