Initiator Caspases Antibody Sampler Kit

Background

Apoptosis is a regulated physiological process leading to cell death. Caspases, a family of cysteine acid proteases, are central regulators of apoptosis. Initiator caspases (including 2, 8, 9, 10 and 12) are closely coupled to proapoptotic signals, which include FasL, TNF-α, and DNA damage. Once activated, these caspases cleave and activate downstream effector caspases (including 3, 6 and 7), which in turn cleave cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins such as PARP, α-fodrin, DFF and lamin A; inducing apoptosis (1,2).
Formation of a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) around the receptors for death factors, including FasL and TNF-α, is essential for receptor-mediated apoptosis (3). Upon ligand activation, Fas and TNF-R1 associate with death domain (DD) containing adaptor proteins FADD (Fas associated death domain) (4,5) and TRADD (TNF-R1 associated death domain) (6). In addition to a carboxy-terminal DD, FADD contains an amino-terminal death effector domain (DED) that binds to DEDs and activates initiator caspase 8 (FLICE, Mch5, MACH) and caspase 10 (FLICE2, Mch4) (7-12). TRADD does not contain a DED and therefore must associate with FADD in response to TNF-R1 driven apoptosis (13).
Caspase-9 (ICE-LAP6, Mch6) is activated through the mitochondrial-mediated pathway. Cytochrome c released from mitochondria associates with procaspase-9 (47 kDa)/Apaf-1. Apaf-1 mediated activation of caspase-9 involves proteolytic processing resulting in cleavage at Asp315 and producing a p35 subunit. Another cleavage occurs at Asp330 producing a p37 subunit that can amplify the apoptotic response (14-17).
Caspase-2 (Nedd2/ICH-1) is the nuclear apoptotic respondent to cellular genotoxic stress or mitotic catastrophe. The procaspase is cleaved at Asp316, producing a 14 kDa fragment and a 32 kDa prodomain/large subunit. Subsequent processing at Asp152 and Asp330 produces an 18 kDa large subunit and a 12 kDa small fragment (18). Activation occurs upon recruitment to a complex containing a p53-induced death domain protein, PIDD (19). This suggests that caspase-2 can be a nuclear initiator caspase with a requirement for caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation in downstream apoptotic events (20,22). In apoptotic pathways resulting from UV-induced DNA damage, processing of caspase-2 occurs downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction and of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, extending a possible role for caspase-2 as a parallel effector caspase (22).
Caspase-3 (CPP-32, Apoptain, Yama, SCA-1) is a critical executioner of apoptosis and caspase-3 cleavage is a key indicator of initiator caspase activation. Caspase-3 is either partially or totally responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins including the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (23). Activation of caspase-3 requires proteolytic processing of its inactive zymogen into activated p17 and p12 fragments (24).